Atherosclerosis progression, as a chronic inflammatory mechanism, is characterized by immune system dysregulation associated with increased pro-inflammatory cytokine production, including interleukin 6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor- (TNF-), and IL-1 (Vinciguerra et al., 2020
Additionally, improvements in glycemic control, inflammation, and psychological well-being associated with GLP-1 therapy might secondarily affect stress physiology without directly suppressing cortisol secretion
In addition, the CPT code may also be stored in the patient record to help improve the performance of data retrieval
The Daily Reality of Taking Oral GLP-1 Oral GLP-1 requires a specific administration protocol that patients should understand before starting: Taken first thing in the morning With no more than 4 oz (120 mL) of plain water On a completely empty stomach With no food, beverages (including coffee), or other oral medications for at least 30 minutes afterward This routine works well for patients who can build it into their mornings without friction
